Studies of people with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
How do prenatal hormones affect psychological development?
Digit Ratio
For example, Berenbaum, Bryk, Nowak, Quigley, and Moffat (2009) demonstrated that digit ratio is not a reliable indicator of prenatal androgen exposure because individuals with complete CAIS varied notably in their ratios.
fMRI Study
We showed that genes on the Y chromosome are insufficient to cause male-typical brain responses to sexual images because women with CAIS had brain responses similar to typical women. If genes on the Y chromosome were sufficient, then women with CAIS would have shown male-typical brain response patterns. This indicates that male-typical brain responses to sexual images are instead likely shaped by androgens, though socialization may also play a role (Hamann, Stevens, Vick, Bryk, Quigley, Berenbaum, & Wallen, 2014).